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AEIS和S-AEIS考试已经逐渐被中国家长所熟知,前来咨询aeis考试真题下载和新加坡aeis 数学考题的人也越来越多了,新加坡AEIS考试科目中最重要的一部分就是AEIS英语培训的学习。今天新加坡AEIS在线小编带大家一起来学习英语特有的修辞现象——“无生命主语”。
在新课标人教版必修一第5单元课文中,有这样一句话:The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress. “过去的30年来所出现的大量法律,剥夺我们的权力,阻挡我们的进步。”
按照我们汉语的思维习惯,see 这个动作应该由“人”发出,其主语自然是有生命的事物,然而,英语则是用了一个无生命的主语the last thirty years。英语中,see的这个用法并不鲜见,又如:
Every day sees our motherland flourishing. 我们的祖国日益繁荣昌盛。
Tomorrow will see the opening of the meeting. 会议将在明天开幕。
The year 1959 saw the first appearance of a real flying ship in the world. 1959年世界上出现了一种真正的飞船。
This old building has seen glorious days. 这栋老房子曾有过辉煌的日子。
This stadium has seen many thrilling football matches. 在这个体育场里举行过很多精彩的足球赛。
这是英语特有的修辞现象——叫做“无生命主语”。
我们知道,主语是句子的主体,在全句中起主导作用。在理解的时候,“有生命主语”(Animate Subject)的句子翻译起来比较容易,因为我们很容易确定译文的主语。但在翻译一些无生命主语(Inanimate Subject)的句子时,就感到比较困难,因为很难确定译文的主语。英汉两种语言,由于在文化传统、思维方式和句子结构方面存在差异,对主语作用的认识也有不同。汉语中有些动词如“看见、发现、说出”等,都是只有“人”才有的行为或动作,而英语中这些动作不一定由“人”去实施。在英美人的思维中,往往更注意客观事物或现象对人的作用和影响,反映在语言表达习惯上,就是无生命名词作主语。这其实是一种修辞现象,属于Personification(拟人)的一种。同样一个动词,可以有两种不同的主语,效果会不同。
George told me that he would come this afternoon. 乔治告诉我他今天下午来。
My conscience told me that I deserved no extrordinary politeness. 凭良心讲, 你待我礼貌有加, 我却受之有愧。
下面,针对英语无生命主语句的特点和翻译技巧做一探讨。
(一)无生命主语句的特点和翻译技巧
一、句子主语多为时间、地点等名词,谓语常用see, find, witness等动词。翻译时一般把这些英语句子的主语看作“时间或地点状语”,谓语动词则不必翻译出来,因为实质性内容就是它的宾语及其定语。如果宾语是表示“某种行为或动作的名词”,可译为谓语。例如:
The year 1949 witnessed the founding of the People's Republic of China. 1949年,中华人民共和国成立。
This stadium has seen many exciting football matches. 在这体育场里举办过很多精彩的足球赛。
Dusk found a little boy crying in the street. 黄昏时一个小男孩在大街上哭。
Rome witnessed many great historic events. 在罗马城发生了许多伟大历史事件。
The following year saw the death of his mother. 第二年他妈妈去世了。
Dawn met him well along the way. 拂晓时,他早已走了一大段路。
The world history has seen more tears than laughter. 在世界历史上眼泪比欢笑多。
Shanghai first saw the rise of this movement.这个运动首先在上海兴起。
The city witnessed the outbreak of the war. 战争是在这个城市爆发的。
Nightfall found him many miles short of his appointed place. 当夜幕降临时,他离预定的地点还有好几英里。
The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America. 从1840至1880年这四十年中,近一千万移民移居美国。
二、表示心理状态的名词或表示某种遭遇的名词(如word, anger, faith, sorrow, idea, courage, desire等)作主语,用visit, fail, desert, escape, seize, oppress, depress等动词作谓语。翻译这类句子时可以把宾语译为主语,把主语译为宾语。谓语动词的含义则根据主语和宾语的关系来理解并翻译。例如:
A deep sorrow seized the man suddenly. 那人突然产生了一种非常难过的情绪。
When he met his girlfriend for the first time, words failed him. 当他第一次见到他女朋友时,他说不出话来。
Many troubles visited the poor old man last year. 去年这个可怜的老人碰到了不少麻烦。
When he had to speak to her, his courage suddenly escaped him. 当他不得不和她说话时,他突然失去了勇气。
Astonishment and even horror oppressed her. 她感到惊讶甚至恐惧。
His weariness determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade. 他疲惫不堪,于是下了决心,一碰到舒适的阴凉处就坐下休息。
Anger choked his words. 他气得话也说不出来。
It was an actor whose name escaped me for the moment. 那个男演员的名字我一时想不起来了。
Words failed me for the moment. 我一时不知说什么。
Alarm began to take entire possession of him. 他开始变得惊恐万分。
Something inside me seemed to stop momentarily. 我顿时呆住了。

三、句子主语是具有行为或动作意义的名词,谓语一般是使令动词(如remind, make, let, lead, send, leave, drive等)。从语法上看,无生命主语句常常是简单句,但其句子成分之间却含有某种关系:如时间关系,因果关系,条件关系等。翻译这类句子时,不能照搬原文表达形式,而要转换主语,必要时还须采用拆译等手段,以便把这些关系表达出来。一般把主语翻译成状语(时间状语、原因状语或条件状语),宾语译为主语。用“一……就;因……而;如果......那么”的句型进行翻译。例如:
The sight of the orphan always reminds me of her parents. 一见到那个孤儿,我就想起了她的父母。
The idea that he will go abroad for further study made him excited. 一想到要出国深造,他就兴奋不已。
The one look told Mary what sort of man she had to deal with. 玛丽看了一眼就明白她要对付的是什么样的人了。
The very sight of blood makes her feel nervous. 一见到鲜血,她就感到紧张。
No wonder that the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of the old generation back 50 years ago. 难怪老一辈的许多人见了这东西, 就会想起50年前的往事。
A visit to the places where he had lived and worked during his youth brought back many fond memories.他重游自己青年时代曾经工作和学习过的地方时不禁回忆起许多美好的
Thought of the interview filled me with fear. 一想到面试,我就担心害怕。
His illness prevented him from joining in the climbing of the mountain. 他因病未能参加爬山。
The publisher’s rejection of his manuscript depressed him. 由于出版商拒绝接受他的手稿,他的情绪一落千丈。
Business took me to town.我因公去了镇里。
Investigation led us to the foregoing conclusion. 经过调查,我们得出了上述结论。
The bitter weather had driven everyone indoors. 由于天气寒冷,大家都躲进了室内。
Losing his fortune drove him mad. 他由于失去财产而发疯。
This medicine will make you feel better. 吃了这药,你会舒服些。
Careful comparison will show you the difference. 仔细比较,你就会发现不同。
Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load. 她疾病缠身,没信心挑起这副重担。
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